Top BPO Companies

Researched by:Goodfirms Research TeamUpdated:October 27, 2026

Goodfirms has reviewed 6,375 BPO Companies as of October 2026 across 117 countries. The top-ranked firm is Hugo (4.9 stars, 16 verified reviews, < $25/hr, founded 2017, Chicago). Across the category, the median hourly rate is $25, median client rating is 4.8, and 31% of firms employ 50+ members. Explore the vetted BPO Companies below, compare their strengths, and connect with the provider best suited to your requirements.

Are you searching for the leading BPO companies in the world? Goodfirms has curated a list of the best BPO service providers, backed by verified client reviews, to help you find the right partner faster. BPO services free up internal resources, allowing business leaders to focus on core strategy, explore new revenue streams, and improve the customer experience while cutting operational costs. International BPO companies also offer stronger market positioning through lower rates and better service delivery. You can browse the top rated BPO companies and BPO companies with reviews below to connect with the right partner for your business needs.

How this list is built: All 6,375 firms below pass Goodfirms' 4-step verification process (background check, client interviews, portfolio audit, ongoing quality review). Listings marked "Sponsored" are agencies that pay for premium placement - sponsorship does not affect star ratings or review content.

Top 10 at Glance

Compare the highest-ranked firms first side by side.

Rank
Company
Rating
Reviews
Hourly Rate
Team Size
Founded
Location
Action

List of World's Top BPO Companies & Service Providers

Find a BPO Services Company Near you
Find a BPO Services Company Near you
Service
Hourly Rate
Employees
ReviewsAll Companies
Industry
Client Type
  • A Singapore based company formed since 2004. We are a technology company developing and delivering unified communication applications. In 2008, we obtained Technology Innovation Programme fund from SPRING Singapore to develop Cloud Based Call Centre software. We are constantly developing and adding on more application modules to enhance our users’ call centre needs. We have ... read Converged Solutions reviews & insights

    A Singapore based company formed since 2004. We are a technology company developing and delivering ... read Converged Solutions reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    2004
    Singapore, Singapore
  • Our spectrum today includes all services related to data-driven communication. Automatic and manual data collection, scan service, electronic archiving of files and documents of any kind, powerful call center, printing and sending of personalized mailings including processing of returns to the sending of invoices / confirmations via letter, fax and e-mail.

    Our spectrum today includes all services related to data-driven communication. Automatic and manual data collection, ... read BSD-Communication Center reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    50 - 249
    1969
    Hamburg, Germany
  • Direct Line is the right contact for your telephone marketing measures. We supply your new customer campaigns with excellently qualified OPT-IN addresses via our subsidiary Direct Leads. Direct Line Marketing und Kommunikation GmbH was founded in 1995 by Matthias Malik and today has more than 250 highly qualified call center agents full-time.

    Direct Line is the right contact for your telephone marketing measures. We supply your new ... read Direct Line Company reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    1995
    Hamburg, Germany
  • INFON helps you to ensure continuous, competent availability of your company around the clock, 365 days , even and especially at peak times.

    INFON helps you to ensure continuous, competent availability of your company around the clock, 365 ... read INFON Communication Center reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Hamburg, Germany
  • Newstel Worldwide is a trusted partner to clients across various industries, helping them achieve customer success and grow their businesses through digitally-led customer service solutions. Our roots are in e-commerce—founded in 2015 as the customer support team for a global e-commerce business, we understand the peaks and troughs of online retailing, how to expand customer ... read Newstel Worldwide reviews & insights

    Newstel Worldwide is a trusted partner to clients across various industries, helping them achieve customer ... read Newstel Worldwide reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    50 - 249
    2015
    Hamburg, Germany
  • TK Gesundheit is a medium-sized service company with over 600 employees and locations in three major metropolitan regions of Germany. They are a reliable service partner and service provider of Techniker Krankenkasse (TK) since 2002. TK Gesundheit is a 100% subsidiary of Techniker Krankenkasse (TK). They offer services on various topics and are committed to ... read TK Gesundheit reviews & insights

    TK Gesundheit is a medium-sized service company with over 600 employees and locations in three ... read TK Gesundheit reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    2002
    Hamburg, Germany
  • Many years of experience and specific industry know-how make us a strong partner for your telemarketing campaigns We continue to successfully support both new and existing customers and provide active for more sales and successful sales in these critical times.

    Many years of experience and specific industry know-how make us a strong partner for your ... read Triveo reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Hamburg, Germany
  • PROFI call center ARE you looking for a professional call center ? Our call center is the ideal partner for your company when it comes to acquiring new customers abroad and in Germany. Our team prepares mailing campaigns, helps with product launches, our call center strengthens your business activities.

    PROFI call center ARE you looking for a professional call center ? Our call center ... read Macfarlane reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Hamburg, Germany
  • We at MCFON see ourselves as a company with strong values ​​and goals. We have a very clear idea of ​​who we are and how we approach our tasks. This is how we succeed in staying true to our principles and meeting the high demands placed on ourselves. Regardless of what others do, we strive ... read MCFON reviews & insights

    We at MCFON see ourselves as a company with strong values ​​and goals. We have ... read MCFON reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Berlin, Germany
  • In addition to price, time and quality, service is increasingly becoming a decisive criterion for success. DCS helps you to meet this request of your customers. The clear positioning of our branches in Turkey has given us, as a multifunctional call center, enormous advantages in terms of price calculation, as well as a decisive boost ... read DCS Call Center reviews & insights

    In addition to price, time and quality, service is increasingly becoming a decisive criterion for ... read DCS Call Center reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    250 - 999
    1994
    Berlin, Germany
  • Nothelle is a modern call center that provides inbound and outbound services. They combine classic strengths with new technology. Nothelle is headquartered in Duisburg with an additional site in Moenchengladbach and employs roughly 600 people. The company was founded by Helmut Nothelle and is now led by his son Maurice Nothelle who became a shareholder ... read Nothelle reviews & insights

    Nothelle is a modern call center that provides inbound and outbound services. They combine classic ... read Nothelle reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Duisburg, Germany
  • Invent Alliance Limited is a company specialized on creation of multi sector and multi discipline business platform with specialist partnerships for value co-creation in each of the different business segments through modern co-petition business principles. These multi segments are operated as strategic business units (SBU) with full profit and loss responsibility towards the alliance.

    Invent Alliance Limited is a company specialized on creation of multi sector and multi discipline ... read Invent Alliance Limited reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Lagos, Nigeria
  • Customers inquire. The phone is overheating, to an extent that you can no longer handle or at times when you are doing other tasks and cannot be reached. Do your customers get in touch in the evenings or on Sundays and public holidays because your users are using your products at this time and have ... read CALLWAYS Call Center reviews & insights

    Customers inquire. The phone is overheating, to an extent that you can no longer handle ... read CALLWAYS Call Center reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Berlin, Germany
  • Profi24 the business group with the 24-hour service: In 1993 with the establishment of car-profile automotive GmbH, today Profile Services cc GmbH, the foundation stone was laid, Profil24 represents a group of companies, which on services around mobility and customer care specialized is. In the last 20 years, the ideas and demands on customer service, ... read Profil24 reviews & insights

    Profi24 the business group with the 24-hour service: In 1993 with the establishment of car-profile ... read Profil24 reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Berlin, Germany
  • Scimitar Global Services Limited (SGSL) Is An Information, Communications And Technology Company In Nigeria That Provides You With Technology Driven Solutions For Your Business. We Specialize In The Fusion Of Business Processes And Modern Technology As Our Strategy To Help Optimize Your Sales, Marketing And Customer Service Activities For Increase Sales Revenue And To Achieve ... read Scimitar Global Services reviews & insights

    Scimitar Global Services Limited (SGSL) Is An Information, Communications And Technology Company In Nigeria That ... read Scimitar Global Services reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Lagos, Nigeria
  • That's fine. Maybe not always 100% as desired, but close. We plan your shifts several weeks in advance in coordination with you so that you can plan well. We try to take vacation requests into account at an early stage and find solutions for all employees. We try, as far as we can, to accommodate ... read FlexiTel TelefonService reviews & insights

    That's fine. Maybe not always 100% as desired, but close. We plan your shifts several ... read FlexiTel TelefonService reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Berlin, Germany
  • Snubes is your first point of contact when you are looking for a callcenter. Our free service allows you to quickly receive and compare callcenter offers - from classic customer service to telemarketing or live chat. Use Snubes and save time and money.

    Snubes is your first point of contact when you are looking for a callcenter. Our ... read Snubes reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    10 - 49
    2017
    Berlin, Germany
  • We are a full service business majoring in outsourcing, call center (inbound and outbound call center services) data entry and processing services, e-payment solution, third parties, recruitment and training, procurement of call centre equipment (servers, headset, system, and call centre application), bulk SMS, back office outsourcing services and business process outsourcing services as per client ... read Bquins Solution Limited reviews & insights

    We are a full service business majoring in outsourcing, call center (inbound and outbound call ... read Bquins Solution Limited reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    Lagos, Nigeria
  • Der Büropartner is a business unit of GGS Management GmbH from Berlin. They provide customer service, support hotlines, first-level support, and helpdesks. They manage customer communication to increase new customers, and referrals and lower costs through improved processes. They have more than 12 years of management experience in customer service of internationally operating companies. They ... read GGS Management reviews & insights

    Der Büropartner is a business unit of GGS Management GmbH from Berlin. They provide customer ... read GGS Management reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Berlin, Germany
  • MERPA Nigeria provides support for many years, demonstrating our experience in pioneering projects offering voice and data solutions to numerous international companies, including petroleum companies in Nigeria.

    MERPA Nigeria provides support for many years, demonstrating our experience in pioneering projects offering voice ... read Merpa Nigeria reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    2002
    Lagos, Nigeria
  • Incorporated in August 1994, ICS Outsourcing is Nigeria’s leading Human Resource and Business Support Solutions provider. Our services include Business Advisory, People Outsourcing, Recruitment Outsourcing, Learning and Development and Sales Outsourcing. Others are Background checks, Call-Centre Management Solutions, fleet management solutions. We also developed mobile applications such as Smoothride, SmoothTracker and SmoothRepairs, which meet the ... read ICS Outsourcing reviews & insights

    Incorporated in August 1994, ICS Outsourcing is Nigeria’s leading Human Resource and Business Support Solutions ... read ICS Outsourcing reviews & insights

    NA
    1,000 - 9,999
    1994
    Lagos, Nigeria
  • iSON Xperiences recognized for 2019 GITTA BPO Company of the Year, 2019 Contact Centre of the Year - BoICT Award, 2018 SERAs Award for Best Workplace Practices, 2016 Competitive Strategy Innovation and Leadership in West Africa by Frost and Sullivan and 2015 Great Place to Work for Best Practices and CSR is an empowering data ... read Ison Xperiences reviews & insights

    iSON Xperiences recognized for 2019 GITTA BPO Company of the Year, 2019 Contact Centre of ... read Ison Xperiences reviews & insights

    NA
    10000+
    2011
    Abeokuta, Nigeria
  • Extensya was established in 2008, where the company focused at the initial stage on building its internal capabilities and setting its operational and technical infrastructure. Extensya serves clients from various countries within the Middle East region for which Extensya provides various services that cover the Middle East, USA, Europe, and the Indian Sub-continent. Extensya is ... read Extensya reviews & insights

    Extensya was established in 2008, where the company focused at the initial stage on building ... read Extensya reviews & insights

    NA
    1,000 - 9,999
    2008
    Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • STAR is 100% responsible, 100% legitimate, and 100% an awesome high energy company. We enjoy doing business to business support utilizing virtual assistance for a few of the large Work From Home virtual call center support.

    STAR is 100% responsible, 100% legitimate, and 100% an awesome high energy company. We enjoy ... read Star Telecommunication reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Jacksonville, United States
  • Valor Intelligent Processing (VIP) is a tech-enabled digital financial support services company, with an office located in Jacksonville, FL. Valor helps businesses recover the money they are owed in a professional and ethical manner, while providing innovative cutting-edge technology enhance the customer experience. Valor offers a unique strategy to the recovery of receivables and deploys ... read Valor Intelligent Processing reviews & insights

    Valor Intelligent Processing (VIP) is a tech-enabled digital financial support services company, with an office ... read Valor Intelligent Processing reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Jacksonville, United States
  • Getting a call from here to there can often be a costly and complicated proposition. Carriers around the world trust 321 Communications services to bridge their disparate IP networks, provide a migration path from PSTN and TDM deployments to IP, and terminate their calls in the most cost effective manner with the highest reliability and ... read 321 Telecommunications reviews & insights

    Getting a call from here to there can often be a costly and complicated proposition. ... read 321 Telecommunications reviews & insights

    $50 - $99/hr
    250 - 999
    Jacksonville, United States
  • Human capital group was established with intent to deliver integrated solution for recruitment, HR management / processing and HR outsourcing with a vision to import and impart the best human resources management services practices. Initially started with a services such as recruitment & head hunting activity, during the process, conducted a research study on the ... read Human Capital Group reviews & insights

    Human capital group was established with intent to deliver integrated solution for recruitment, HR management ... read Human Capital Group reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    2012
    Doha, Qatar
  • Corporate Connect (formerly known as Corporate Call Centre) has been a leading contact call centre and provider of helpdesk services since 1998. In that time, we have handled over 6.5 million inbound calls, texts and emails and made over 5 million outbound calls, texts and emails.

    Corporate Connect (formerly known as Corporate Call Centre) has been a leading contact call centre ... read Corporate Connect reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    1998
    Wellington, New Zealand
  • We are a telephone answering service that provides the needs of service-based companies who needs assistance with managing call volume for new leads and customer service. Answer Aide values our customers and their clients.

    We are a telephone answering service that provides the needs of service-based companies who needs ... read Answer Aide reviews & insights

    NA
    2 - 9
    2018
    Jacksonville, United States
  • Outsourcing to New Zealand provides up to 30% cost savings, cutting edge technology and #1 global customer service rating.2B Connected offer lead generation & contact centre outsourcing for small to large businesses. With our simple, transparent packages get your free no-obligation quote & start tomorrow.2B Connected is New Zealand's fastest-growing, 24/7 contact centre. The best ... read 2B Connected reviews & insights

    Outsourcing to New Zealand provides up to 30% cost savings, cutting edge technology and #1 ... read 2B Connected reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    2018
    Christchurch, New Zealand
  • We believe in the power of conversations to do good for people and businesses.We’re using technology to create more options for how to connect the right people, the right way at the right time. We’re inventive and are always looking for new ways of doing things.We often create solutions before our customers ask for them. ... read Unity4 reviews & insights

    We believe in the power of conversations to do good for people and businesses.We’re using ... read Unity4 reviews & insights

    NA
    250 - 999
    2000
    Auckland, New Zealand
  • Plus64Connect are proud to provide digital cloud based outsourcing solutions to the government, private & not for profit sectors.

    Plus64Connect are proud to provide digital cloud based outsourcing solutions to the government, private & ... read Plus64Connect reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    2015
    Wellington, New Zealand
  • TDCX has grown into a boutique outsourced business service provider in customer experience solutions to high-growth clientele, from a wide range of diverse and thriving industries.

    TDCX has grown into a boutique outsourced business service provider in customer experience solutions to ... read T DCX reviews & insights

    NA
    1,000 - 9,999
    1995
    Wakayama, Japan
  • Japanese multinational specialising in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), enables clients to concentrate their resources on their core businesses. Prestige Int. offers outsourcing services which help to improve business efficiency and minimise expenses. Prestige Int. assists its clients in improving end-user satisfaction through value-added services, achieving differentiation, greater competitiveness and improved corporate value.

    Japanese multinational specialising in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), enables clients to concentrate their resources on ... read Prestige International reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    1992
    Kyoto, Japan
  • Oveana, a Santana Group company and certified minority business enterprise, provides business process outsourcing (BPO) services, contact center services and business process improvement consulting services to its customers. Oveana’s resources help companies conduct business faster, smarter and more profitably.

    Oveana, a Santana Group company and certified minority business enterprise, provides business process outsourcing (BPO) ... read Oveana reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    50 - 249
    2013
    San Antonio, United States
  • As a leader in revenue generation for small businesses for over 13 years, our goal is to connect companies across various industries with high quality, true-intent prospects. We provide a marketing model that propels business growth. For business buyers, we help them find reputable local suppliers for their business needs.

    As a leader in revenue generation for small businesses for over 13 years, our goal ... read 360Connect reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    10 - 49
    2006
    Austin, United States
  • Our commitment is to helping organizations "bridge the gap"​ in their sales force execution. We focus on the improvement of sales and service organizations by creating and delivering competency and skill development programs and processes. Our experience and process of serving others first has proven to create the greatest positive behavior change in both the ... read ASLAN reviews & insights

    Our commitment is to helping organizations "bridge the gap"​ in their sales force execution. We ... read ASLAN reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    10 - 49
    1996
    Atlanta, United States
  • One Contact Center is a Minority Owned Contact Center/BPO Company trusted by leading brands in solving complex problems. Fueled by our passion to make meaningful change, we empower women and a diversified workforce to create breakthrough outcomes in customer experience throughout customer’s Life-Cycles that improve Customer Happiness, Brand Loyalty and Retention while reducing your overall ... read One Contact Center reviews & insights

    One Contact Center is a Minority Owned Contact Center/BPO Company trusted by leading brands in ... read One Contact Center reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    250 - 999
    2000
    Van Nuys, United States
  • At SD&A, we put our clients first: we draw every plan, make every decision and take every action with our clients foremost in mind. We've proudly served the nonprofit community for over 30 years and generated over a billion dollars for our clients.

    At SD&A, we put our clients first: we draw every plan, make every decision and ... read SD&A Teleservices reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    250 - 999
    1983
    Los Angeles, United States
  • Since 1992, the GMS CONNECT team has become an industry leader, providing call center services to health care organizations. Our roster of clients in the Health Plan and Association Industry includes many Fortune 500 companies. Our Corporate Headquarters are conveniently located at the Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport Center and operate call center facilities in Ft. ... read GMS Connect reviews & insights

    Since 1992, the GMS CONNECT team has become an industry leader, providing call center services ... read GMS Connect reviews & insights

    NA
    250 - 999
    1992
    Ft. Lauderdale, United States
  • Contax360 BPO Solutions is an onshore and nearshore Business Process Outsourcing Center, with an office in Florida, and one of the largest privately owned and managed centers in Jamaica. We pride ourselves on being innovators, and partnering with our clients to deliver exceptional solutions and create value. We integrate our highly talented workforce with best-in-class ... read Contax 360 reviews & insights

    Contax360 BPO Solutions is an onshore and nearshore Business Process Outsourcing Center, with an office ... read Contax 360 reviews & insights

    NA
    250 - 999
    2007
    Miami, United States
  • Inbound, Outbound & Blended Campaigns.Prospect Development, Lead Generation, Warm Transfers and Sales.100% on-shore, in-house, on-site licensed workforce.Our proprietary lead validation technology marries form-based lead gen and the IVR.Validate large volumes of inbound calls before engaging a live agent.Keep the lights on 24x7 by allowing customer self-service

    Inbound, Outbound & Blended Campaigns.Prospect Development, Lead Generation, Warm Transfers and Sales.100% on-shore, in-house, on-site ... read Acquistion Technologies reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Tampa, United States
  • NuView Marketing is comprised of several industry leaders that joined forces to create the safest next generation business process outsourcing (BPO) organization. With a combined 60 years of contact center experience the executive team brings with it an unsurpassed knowledge of all aspects in a contact center. NuView supports the full scope of the customer ... read Nuview Marketing reviews & insights

    NuView Marketing is comprised of several industry leaders that joined forces to create the safest ... read Nuview Marketing reviews & insights

    NA
    50 - 249
    Largo, United States
  • Call Tools has developed a cloud-based contact center solution that is designed to increase contact rates and accelerate sales revenue. Our software features include multiple ways to connect with customers and prospects while making it easy to monitor your team from anywhere with an internet connection.

    Call Tools has developed a cloud-based contact center solution that is designed to increase contact ... read CallTools reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    10 - 49
    2015
    San Francisco, United States
  • HigherRing, a B Corp and provider of US-based, white glove call center and back office services, is an innovative and smart choice to support brand-conscious companies in keeping their customers happy and satisfied. Founded by professional women with significant experience in call center development and management, education, private equity and advertising/marketing, HigherRing provides highly trained ... read HigherRing reviews & insights

    HigherRing, a B Corp and provider of US-based, white glove call center and back office ... read HigherRing reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    50 - 249
    2017
    San Francisco, United States
  • MSUSA is a company that is a family owned organization that started in 2005 as a full Call Center and Business Process Outsourcing service provider oversees. Incorporated in 2012 in California as a Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business, Minority Small Business Enterprise, and a Small Disadvantage Business. Through the years we have evolved and ... read Magellan USA reviews & insights

    MSUSA is a company that is a family owned organization that started in 2005 as ... read Magellan USA reviews & insights

    < $25/hr
    2 - 9
    Brisbane, United States
  • Pearl Lemon Sales is an award-winning B2B sales company in London, UK serving clients across the globe. We'll generate qualified sales for your business! Pearl Lemon Sales builds successful sales programs, from strategy through to implementation, that will boost sales for your company fast. With clients in industries ranging from Financial Services, Advertising, eCommerce and ... read Pearl Lemon Sales reviews & insights

    Pearl Lemon Sales is an award-winning B2B sales company in London, UK serving clients across ... read Pearl Lemon Sales reviews & insights

    NA
    10 - 49
    2016
    London, United Kingdom
  • CCI understands that Contact Centres play a vital role in one-to-one customer interaction and have enormous potential to provide you with a complex feedback from your clients. The new-generation Contact Centre is a great opportunity how to differentiate your products and services from your competitors as well as to boost the loyalty of your customers. ... read Contact Centre International LLC reviews & insights

    CCI understands that Contact Centres play a vital role in one-to-one customer interaction and have ... read Contact Centre International LLC reviews & insights

    NA
    1,000 - 9,999
    2005
    Dubai, UAE

Post your project. Get proposals from PRO-verified firms.

Goodfirms recommends the top 3. You pick the winner.

Why Trust Goodfirms

Goodfirms is the world’s leading reviews and ratings company featuring 100,000+ tech companies from across the globe, complete with 80,000+ humanly vetted client reviews, detailed portfolios, hourly rates, employee strength, and more to help you choose your perfect tech partner.

Humanly-Vetted Client Reviews

Our researchers have personally vouched for the authenticity of 80,000+ client reviews by speaking directly with clients, cross-checking project details, timelines, and results to ensure 100% credibility.

Data-Driven Rankings

Data powers our company listings. Every company listed is evaluated based on its expertise, experience, market presence, reviews, and client satisfaction rate, which helps buyers confidently choose the right tech partner.

Global Trust & Recognition

Goodfirms is trusted by 100,000+ businesses in 160+ countries to connect with reliable tech partners. Our reputation is built on 80,000+ verified reviews and rankings you can trust.

Transparency In Detail

From verified client reviews and portfolio highlights to service focus and pricing, Goodfirms provides a 360-degree view of every company, helping 2+ million monthly users find the perfect tech partner.

Trending insights from Goodfirms

Valuable insights from top experts accelerate decision-making.

Why the Human Voice Still Wins in Customer Service
Call Center Outsourcing: Costs, Benefits & Top Providers in 2026
Payment Gateway vs Payment Processor: Key Differences and When to Build Your Own (2026)
Read all research articles